Dialysis
In medicine, dialysis (from Greek διάλυσις, Dialysis, "dissolution"; from διά, dia, "through", and λύσις, lysis, "loosening or splitting") is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. This is referred to as renal replacement therapy. Dialysis is used in patients with rapidly developing loss of kidney function, called acute kidney injury (previously called acute renal failure), or slowly worsening kidney function, called Stage 5 chronic kidney disease, (previously called chronic kidney failure, end-stage renal disease, and end-stage kidney disease). Dialysis is used as a temporary... Read More
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases. Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s).Where the cancer has not metastasised (spread to other organs) or burrowed deeper into the tissues of the kidney, the five-year survival rate is 65–90%,but this is lowered considerably when the cancer has spread. The body is remarkably... 
Airway management includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve airway obstruction. This ensures an open pathway for gas exchange between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere.This is accomplished by either clearing a previously obstructed airway; or by preventing airway obstruction in cases such as anaphylaxis, the obtunded patient, or medical sedation. Airway obstruction can be caused by the tongue, foreign objects, the tissues of the airway itself, and bodily fluids such as blood and gastric contents. Airway management is commonly divided into two categories: Basic and Advanced. Basic techniques are generally non-invasive and do... 
Cardiothoracic anesthesiology is a sub speciality of the medical practice of anesthesiology, devoted to the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of adult and Pediatric patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery and related invasive procedures. It deals with the anesthesia aspects of care related to surgical cases such as open heart surgery, lung surgery, and other operations of the human chest. These aspects include perioperative care with expert manipulation of patient cardiopulmonary physiology through precise and advanced application of pharmacology, resuscitative techniques, critical care medicine, and invasive procedures. This also includes management of the cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung) machine, which most cardiac procedures require... 
Good pasture syndrome (GPS), also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure. It is thought to attack the alpha-3 subunit of type IV collagen, which has therefore been referred to as Good pasture’s antigen. Good pasture syndrome may quickly result in permanent lung and kidney damage, often leading to death. It is treated with medications that suppress the immune system such as corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and with plasmapheresis, in which the antibodies are removed from the... 
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure. It is typically due to a bacterial infection, most commonly Escherichia coli. Risk factors include sexual intercourse, prior urinary tract infections, diabetes, structural problems of the urinary tract, and spermicide use. The mechanism of infection is usually spread up the urinary tract. Less often infection occurs through the bloodstream. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by... 
An anesthesiologist is a doctor who gives a patient medication so they do not feel pain when they are undergoing surgery. However, these specialist physicians play a much wider role than just putting people to sleep for surgery. They are also involved in a range of other medical procedures, including carrying out assessments in critical care units, dealing with emergency situations, and giving advice about pain management. The anesthesiologist provides pain relief before, during and after surgery, but they also fulfill a number of other important roles. Pain relief in surgery Before an operation, a patient will meet... 
Palliative care (derived from the Latin root palliare, or “to cloak”) refers to an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious, complex illness. Within the published literature, many definitions of palliative care exist; most notably, the World Health Organization describes palliative care as "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual.” Palliative... 
Hematuria (American English) or haematuria (British English) is a clinical sign. It is defined by the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine. An anatomical framework is helpful in developing a comprehensive differential diagnosis. Blood or red blood cells can enter and mix with urine at multiple anatomical sites. These include the urinary system, female reproductive system, and integumentary system. Urinary causes occur anywhere between the kidney glomerulus and the urethral meatus. These can be divided into glomerular and non-glomerular causes. Non-glomerular causes can be further subdivided into upper urinary tract and lower urinary tract causes. After... 
Nephrologists are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease. What conditions are treated by a kidney doctor, and when is a referral to one of these specialists needed? If you haven't heard about nephrology (the study of kidney disease) before, it's not surprising. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often referred to as the "silent killer," as many people have mild symptoms or no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. There are many different terms which can be used to describe kidney disease which can add to the confusion. As noted above, Nephrologists are doctors who... 
Geriatric anesthesia (or geriatric anaesthesia) is the branch of medicine that studies anesthesia approach in elderly. The perioperative care of elderly patients differs from that of younger patients for a number of reasons. Some of these can be attributed to the changes that occur in the process of aging, but many are also caused by diseases that accompany seniority. The distinction between so-called normal aging and pathological changes is critical to the care of elderly people. Anesthesia and surgery has become more common as the population survives longer. Perioperative management of the geriatric patients requires knowledge’s about changes associated with... 
Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body, generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and dental procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as cesarean section, it is safer and therefore superior to general anesthesia. It is also used for relief of non-surgical pain and to enable diagnosis of the cause of some chronic pain conditions. Anesthetists sometimes combine both general and local anesthesia... 
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys are functioning at less than 15% of normal. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; or chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly. Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, high blood potassium, and volume overload. Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anemia. Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract,... 
Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor kidney transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient. Exchanges and chains are a novel approach to expand the living donor pool. In February 2012, this novel approach to expand the living donor pool resulted in the largest chain in the world,... 
Pain management, pain medicine, pain control or algiatry, is a branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those living with chronic pain. The typical pain management team includes medical practitioners, pharmacists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, physician assistants, nurses. The team may also include other mental health specialists and massage therapists. Pain sometimes resolves promptly once the underlying trauma or pathology has healed, and is treated by one practitioner, with drugs such as analgesics and (occasionally) anxiolytics. Effective management of chronic (long-term) pain, however, frequently requires the coordinated efforts... 
Anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical purposes. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. Anesthesia enables the painless performance of medical procedure that would otherwise cause severe or intolerable pain to an unanesthetized patient, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist: General anesthesia suppresses central nervous system activity and results in... 
Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine. Glomerulonephritis can come on suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic). Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. Severe or prolonged inflammation associated with glomerulonephritis can damage your kidneys. Treatment depends on the type of glomerulonephritis you have. Symptoms Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis depend on whether you have the acute or chronic form and the cause. Your first indication that something is wrong might... 
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra. Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. Infection limited to your bladder can be painful and annoying. However, serious consequences can occur if a UTI spreads to your kidneys.Doctors typically treat urinary tract infections with antibiotics. But you can take steps to reduce your chances of getting a UTI in the first place. Symptoms: Urinary tract infections don't always cause... 
The perioperative management of patients using cannabis, either for recreational or medical purposes, remains a challenge for the anesthesiologist due to its multi-organ side effects. However, the interactions between cannabinoids and general anesthetic agents, as well as the impact on intraoperative patient care are not yet fully understood. Discussing cannabis pharmacology and perioperative considerations for naïve and chronic users. The Endocannabinoid System: The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is a biological system consisting of specific ligands, G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB-R), neurotransmitters and enzymes mediating the endocannabinoids synthesis and metabolism . N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA; anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are endocannabinoids (ECBs) synthetized from phospholipids of the... 
Lung-protective ventilation during cardiac surgery: Lung-protective ventilation strategies use low tidal volume (TV), low driving pressure, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In a retrospective study of nearly 4700 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), lung-protective ventilation was associated with fewer postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation, need for reintubation, and/or poor oxygenation with arterial oxygen tension [PaO2]/fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] ratio <100 mmHg) compared with other ventilation strategies. A sensitivity analysis revealed that use of driving pressure <16 mmHg alone, but not PEEP or low TV, was also independently associated with fewer pulmonary complications. Although... 
Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 in), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. About half of people who have had a kidney stone will have another within... 
A 17-year-old woman who had been healthy since birth developed postobstruction pulmonary edema (POPE) after maxillofacial surgery. She was extubated in a semi-conscious state after general anesthesia, and developed severe airway obstruction due to glossoptosis, and blood and secretions in the oral cavity. When the obstruction was released approximately 10 min later, the chest radiograph showed an increased cardiothoracic ratio, and cardiac ultrasonography showed a reduction in the left ventricular ejection fraction when compared to the normal values for the same age. A diagnosis of type-I POPE with associated left ventricular dysfunction was made, and oxygen and diuretic administration were... 
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Nephritic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage. This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine. Complications may include blood clots, infections, and high blood pressure. Causes include a number of kidney diseases such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and minimal change disease. It may also occur as a complication of diabetes or lupus. The underlying mechanism typically involves damage to the glomeruli of the kidney. Diagnosis is typically based on urine testing and sometimes a kidney... 
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a genetic disorder in which the renal tubules become structurally abnormal, resulting in the development and growth of multiple cysts within the kidney. These cysts may begin to develop in utero, in infancy, in childhood, or in adulthood. Cysts are non-functioning tubules filled with fluid pumped into them, which range in size from microscopic to enormous, crushing adjacent normal tubules and eventually rendering them non-functional as well. PKD is caused by abnormal genes which produce a specific abnormal protein; this protein has an adverse effect on tubule... 
Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and dental procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as cesarean section, it is safer and therefore superior to general anesthesia. It is also used for relief of non-surgical pain and to enable diagnosis of the cause of some chronic pain conditions. Anesthetists sometimes combine both general and local anesthesia... 
The core element of the specialty is the study and use of Anesthesia and Anesthetics to safely support a patient's vital functions through the perioperative period. Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals. Trends for the future of anesthesiology: Lower income(as adjusted for inflation): There will be multiple causes for this: a) An aging population, with the significantly... 
Urology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the medical and surgical aspects of the female and male urinary tract as well as the male reproductive system. Urologists usually focus on any of these 7 subspecialties: Calculi for stones in the urinary tract Female urology for pelvic outlet relaxation disorders and urinary incontinence Male infertility Neuro urology for erectile dysfunction and voiding disorders Pediatric urology Renal transplantation Urologic oncology, which deals with cancer Common Concerns That Need the Attention of a Urologist: 1)Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection: UTI or urinary tract infection, as its name suggests, is the... 
Researchers reveal that cranberry juice is much better at preventing biofilm formation, the precursor of a urinary tract infection, than cranberry extracts. Having scientific research now proving the age old wisdom that cranberries are able to prevent a urinary tract infection, experts questioned if there’s a component of the berry that, when extracted plus condensed, probably in pill form, could be as beneficial as drinking cranberry juice or eating the sauce in preventing a urinary tract infection. Researchers examined proanthocyanidins or PACs, a group of flavonoids present in cranberries. Since they were considered to be the ingredient which provides the... 
Incorporation of acute pain modalities within anesthesia practices has greatly expanded over the years, and this has brought positive changes in patient care and physician payment. However, where new techniques become "standard of care," adjustments. As the preeminent provider of outsourced anesthesia billing and management services in America, we are always interested in how anesthesia providers are modifying their practices to take advantage of new pain management modalities and changing patient expectations. Anesthesia is not just focused on the operating room and the delivery suite. It is increasingly concerned with the entire perioperative episode. That includes the diagnosis and treatment... 
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Nephrology also studies systemic conditions that affect the kidneys, as diabetes and autoimmune disease; and systemic diseases that occur as a result of kidney disease, such as renal osteodystrophy and hypertension. A physician who has undertaken additional training and become certified in nephrology is called a nephrologist. The term "nephrology" was first used in about 1960. Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as "kidney medicine’’ Nephrology concerns the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, including electrolyte disturbances and hypertension, and the care of those requiring renal replacement therapy, including dialysis and renal transplant patients. Our Journal 
Nephrology is a specialty of medicine and Pediatric medicine that concerns itself with the kidneys: the study of normal kidney function and kidney disease, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Our Journal 
The core element of the specialty is the study and use of anesthesia and Anesthetics to safely support a patient's vital functions through the perioperative period. Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. 
Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics is the medical speciality concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. A physician specialised in this field of medicine is called anaesthesiologist. 
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International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology is committed to distribute most elevated quality studies identified with clinical determination and administration of rheumatic ailments through facilitated parts of clinical consideration and clinical examination concentrated on propelling treatment and personal satisfaction for individuals with joint pain, immune system infections, bone issue, and related conditions. We feel contended to announce that our journal is successfully running in its Volume 14. We have successfully released special issues in our journal entitled Regenerative Medicine in Osteoarthritis and Epidemiology of Osteoporosis. Below are some most viewed articles in our journal. A novel treatment of knee degenerative... 
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Journal of Blood Disorders and Treatment is peer-reviewed, open access, scholarly journal. It mainly aims at publishing the latest advancements in the field, enriching our understanding of blood disorders such as: 
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